ABSTRACT
Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 206 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 207 Human Rights as a Basis for Criminalizing the Practice of FGM ............................................. 207 European Consensus on the Punishability of FGM: Some Specific Criminal Law Provisions on the FGM Practice .............................................................................................. 209 Intermezzo: Notions of Citizenship ..........................................................................................210 France: From Laissez-Faire to Assimilation ...............................................................................211 England: A Climate of Polarization toward Cultural Minorities? ..............................................214 The Netherlands: Toward an Ethnocultural Model of Citizenship? ...........................................216 Comparison and Conclusion ....................................................................................................218 References ................................................................................................................................219 Case Law ..................................................................................................................................221 Parliamentary Papers ................................................................................................................221 Dutch Government Gazette .....................................................................................................221
