ABSTRACT
The EU Green Paper on urban mobility (EC 2007) points out the three challenges of sustainable urban mobility: reducing congestion; improving the quality of public transport services to attract trips from private cars; and promoting soft modes such as walking and cycling. But how to increase public transport patronage when urban sprawl is leading to more complex travel patterns, reducing the attractiveness and performance of public transport (Hernandez et al. 2015)? Public transport trip distances and durations are increasing in urban and metropolitan areas (Banister 2011).
