ABSTRACT
Biological sensing elements, or biosensors, have been used to
monitor gene expression in many applications and scenarios [1, 2].
Their areas of application seem only constrained by scientific cre-
ativity. Yet, in terms of practicality, many sensors require additional
information, such as determination of enzyme activity, continuous
sampling for activity evaluation, or even the addition of exogenous
reagents. In this regard, the use of certain biosensors can be time
consuming, intricate, and cumbersome. A truly viable biosensor
would include elements that are rapid, noninvasive, and sensitive
and can be conducted as real-time reporters of probed activity.
