ABSTRACT
PRABHAT KUMAR,1 SHIVNATH DAS,1 AJIT KUMAR PANDEY,1 and SANTOSH KUMAR2
1Betelvine Research Centre, Islampur, Nalanda-801303, India, E-mail: prabhathau@gmail.com
2Jute Research Station, Katihar, Bihar Agriculture University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, India
16.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 310 16.2 Foot Rot and Leaf Rot ................................................................ 312 16.2.1 Symptomatology .......................................................... 312 16.2.2 Etiology and Epidemiology ......................................... 314 16.2.3 Management ................................................................. 315 16.4 Leaf Spot/Anthracnose ............................................................... 316 16.4.1 Symptomatology .......................................................... 317 16.4.2 Etiology and Epidemiology ......................................... 317 16.4.3 Management ................................................................. 318 16.5 Powdery Mildew ........................................................................ 318 16.5.1 Symptomatology .......................................................... 318 16.5.2 Etiology and Epidemiology ......................................... 319 16.5.3 Management ................................................................. 320
16.6 Sclerotial Wilt/Stem Rot/Collar Rot/Basal Rot .......................... 320 16.6.1 Symptomatology .......................................................... 320 16.6.2 Etiology and Epidemiology ......................................... 321 16.6.3 Management ................................................................. 321 16.7 Bacterial Leaf Spot/Stem Canker/Bacterial Blight .................... 322 16.7.1 Symptomomatology........................................ 322 16.7.2 Morphological and Cultural Characteristics
of Organism .................................................... 322 16.7.3 Physiological and Biochemical Properties ..... 323 16.7.4 Management ................................................... 323 16.8 Root Knot ................................................................................... 324 16.8.1 Symptomatology .......................................................... 324 16.8.2 Management of Root Knot Diseases ............................ 325 16.9 Conclusion ................................................................................. 326 Keywords .............................................................................................. 327 References ............................................................................................. 327
16.1 INTRODUCTION
Betelvine (Piper betle L.) is an important plantation crop of India belonging to the family Piperaceae. It is also known as Pan, Nagaballi, Nagurvel, Saptaseera, Sompatra, Tamalapaku, Tambul, Tambuli, Vaksha Patra, Vettilai, Voojangalata, etc., in different parts of the country (Guha and Jain, 1997). Betelvine is cultivated in many parts of world including India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Srilanka, Pakistan, Mauritius and Myanmar for its leaves and used for mastication along with areca nut due to its stimulatory aromatic taste (Satyabrata et al., 1995; Mithila et al., 2000). Betel leaves is also known for its medicinal attributes containing some vitamins, enzymes, thiamine, riboflavin, tannin, iodine, iron, calcium, minerals, protein, essential oil and medicine for liver, brain and heart diseases (Chopra et al., 1956; Khanra, 1997). Its leaves also contain anti-oxidant properties due to the presence of phenols; particularly hydroxylchavicol (4-allyl pyrocatechol)
and its aromatic volatile oil contain a phenol called chavicol, which has powerful antiseptic properties. The presence of aromatic volatile oil also gives rise to a sensation of warmth and well-being in the mouth and stomach. It is also known to produce a primary stimulation of the central nervous system and the betel leaf is also believed to be a common household remedy for various ailments (Guha, 2006; Ramamurthi and Usha Rani, 2012).
