ABSTRACT
Rock often exhibits nonlinear, localized and unstable behavior, and rock masses contain discontinuities at all scales. This Chapter presents the 3D formulation of a numerical solution scheme that follows the dynamic response, even for quasi-static problems, so as to follow in a realistic manner nonlinear and unstable behavior, as well as localization such as fracturing. Fluid coupling in continua and discontinua is also described. Several examples are provided for diverse continuous and discontinuous systems, including hydro-fracturing.
