ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses both existing and potential new environmental nitrogen (N) loss mitigation options for intensive dairy and beef operations in cool-temperate and temperate climates, in the context of understanding the barriers to their adoption. Nitrogen management and the development of N loss mitigation strategies in Mixed Cropped and Grazed Farms (MCGFs) in Europe has been the subject of much research; implementation of mitigations is increasingly being legislated for, most commonly by minimizing allowable farm N surpluses. Intensively Grazed Pasture Farms (IGPFs) have little animal housing and are still the norm in New Zealand and south-east Australia, and are making a comeback in other countries such as Ireland and in the mid-south United States. Dairy products and meat produced under grazing are progressively being seen as premium products to both housed cow milk and non-dairy "milk" products. The premiums are slowly reducing pressure on IGPFs to meet bedrock commodity prices.
