ABSTRACT
Diabetes (DM) is classified into two predominant types: type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM). T1DM results from the immune system attacking healthy insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas and is a disease of the autoimmune system. Poor management of diabetes can accelerate natural changes of aging, including bone disease, macro- and micro-vascular changes, dementia, and the development of comorbid conditions, such as heart, cardiovascular, or renal disease. Diabetes self-management education (DSME) plays a pivotal role in successful diabetes care and management. Nutrition plays an important part in the management of diabetes. Weight loss through dietary modification has shown to improve the key metabolic alterations in diabetes: beta cell function and insulin resistance. Physical activity (PA), such as moderate walking, cycling, or structured group activities, in combination with diet and medication are recognized as foundation to diabetes management and lead to improved metabolic control, quality of life, and physical fitness.
