ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the wireless passive optogenetic devices and power delivery mechanisms. It also discusses the wireless active optogenetic devices and communication technologies followed by wireless multimodal optogenetics. The expression area could be further regulated by adjusting the injection volume or titer of the virus. In addition, diverse capsid variants allow AAVs to infect multiple cell types in different brain regions with varying expression levels and tropisms, making AAVs more suitable for specific gene delivery into the brain and other organs. Too high or low viral titer could lead to sub-optimal expression of the optogenetic tools in the mouse brain. For example, a high titer of lentivirus of monSTIM1 is required to achieve appropriate activating conditions. However, low titers of AAVs seem to work best for other optogenetic receptors. Also, precise titers of each AAVs encoding N-Flp and C-Flp are required to generate PA-Flp with maximal functionality.
