ABSTRACT
As known, Algeria is a dry country that belongs to the arid-semi-arid climate (Smadhi et al., 2022). These vast interior spaces are characterized by a dry and cold climate in winter, and hot and dry in summer (Bachir et al., 2022). A deficient and irregularly distributed rainfall characterizes the climatic conditions that exert a very strong influence on agricultural growth (Bachir et al., 2016). They are an obstacle to the adoption of intensive agricultural practices without irrigation (Bachir et al., 2021). A judicious use of water in the main sectors of agriculture, industry and drinking water supply, should be based on the knowledge of its hydrochemical status (Hosseinifard and Mirzaei, 2015). The latter is a function of the mineralization acquisition process and pollution (Sayeh et al., 2022). Many factors are involved in the chemistry of water, such as climate, geology, the presence of a sea, and human action (Peters and Maybeck, 2000). Thus, it is prudent to link the changes in the chemical character of waters to natural conditions and anthropogenic activities. Due to their location on the surface, surface waters are relatively less loaded with minerals than ground waters, which are subject to geochemical, natural processes resulting from water-rock interactions. Numerous research studies have elucidated these geochemical reactions through case studies (Gupta et al., 2008; Al-Ahmadi and El-Fiky, 2009; Senthilkumar and Elango, 2013; Barbieri et al., 2017; Yi et al., 2017). Several approaches were used to assess water geochemistry. By using the determination of chemical facies or factors approach, it is possible to identify, the mixing processes of waters (Selvakumar et al., 2017), the recharge zones (Dragon and Gorski, 2015) or the chemical evolution of waters due to the human activities which impact in a direct or indirect way in the modification of hydrochemical behaviour (Eloïse, 2017). Geochemical indicators are widely discussed in the literature and have used the following parameters: Saturation and Chloro-alkalines indices, Gibbs diagram and some characteristic ion ratios. Human, through diverse activities, participates in a direct or indirect way in the modification of hydrochemical behavior.
