ABSTRACT
Diabetes is a globalized public health issue whose occurrence has risen dramatically during the last 30 years and is projected to increase to 693 million by 2045, coinciding with tremendous economic and demographic change. Diabetes has a complex etiology, with genetics/abnormal genes and physical inactivity. The liver, nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidney, and retina are all dysfunctioned, and still there are no effective treatments to restore organ damage. The molecular pathways involved in growing and causing irreversible organ damage are discussed in this chapter. Population-level actions are necessary to tackle obesogenic and diabetogenic environments and specific unhealthy cultures. Scientists have assessed the different approaches (blood-urine tests, algorithmic and artificial intelligence support systems) to develop the most effective technique. However, there have been no medical breakthroughs for diabetes. Treatment options include dietary adjustments and obesity management, through yoga and medicinal plants. At the international, national, and local levels, the relative benefits and costs of treatments to prevent diabetes, long-term consequences, and illnesses must be examined, as well as the frequency, pathogenic causes, and effects of COVID-19 infection in persons with diabetes. Good drug bio-distribution, biocompatibility therapeutic effectiveness, long-term action safety, and improved manufacturing procedures are achieved with the development of nanotechnology. The chapter includes directions for future research that could further manage diabetes.
