History of endoscopy of the female urinary tract

In 1826 Pierre Segalas had some success with a simplified version of Bozzini’s instrument. It was a funnel with a polished interior to reflect light. It was used to illuminate the bladder and ureteral orifices. Illumination was from candles. A concave mirror focused the light. This was one of the ‘keyhole’ instruments which afforded not more than 3 mm of aperture.3