ABSTRACT
Cranial muscles form a highly complex network that provides an amazing multitude of different functions, including some of the most sophisticated functions that muscles can perform. This complexity is reflected by the overproportional size of their motor cortical representation, as suggested by Penfield and Rasmussen’s homunculus.1 Cranial muscles are involved in psychomotor communication, in speech articulation, in exploration, intake, processing, transport and swallowing of food and liquids, in affective exploration, in eye movements, in vision control, in eye protection and in hearing.
