Clinical Manifestations of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

The clinical features of Graves’ ophthalmopathy-eyelid retraction, lagophthalmos, eyelid lag, exophthalmos, strabismus, and optic neuropathy-are well known. Associated systemic abnormalities include autoimmune thyroid disease, pretibial myxedema, and acropachy. This chapter reviews these manifestations as identified in an incidence cohort of patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy.