ABSTRACT
The three major events leading to the development of modern surgery occurred in the fifteenth century (5). First, the capture of Constantinople by the Turks. Thousands of Christian refugees poured into Italy, bringing Greek and Arabic medical texts. Second, the development of the printing press, and finally, the start of gunpowder and the subsequent deployment of high-energy weapons in war. Most of the advances in surgery came about treating ballistic and sharp wartime injuries.
