ABSTRACT
While magnetic resonance imaging routinely uses hydrogen to generate images, there are many other nuclei that can be investigated using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). These other nuclei are not routinely used as the basis of images, for two main reasons. One, the concentrations of other nuclei are lower than the concentration of protons. The concentration of water molecules in liquid water is approximately 55 Molar. The genetic manipulation of the mouse is the most commonly used approach for studying mammalian genomics. A key challenge is accurate phenotyping of these mouse models so that their relevance to human disease can be determined. Metabolomics represents the collection of all metabolites in a biological system, which is the end product of gene expression. Of note, cardiac applications for MRS become more limited as one moves from rodent to human being, in contrast to other imaging methods such as nuclear imaging, where the reverse occurs.
