ABSTRACT
From its earliest descriptions, clinicians, and researchers have observed bipolar disorder (BD) in children and adolescents. Pediatric manifestations of BD were recognized in antiquity by Aretaeus and documented in case reports in the 19th century by Esquirol (1). However, despite this long history, the exact clinical presentation of juvenile BD remains highly controversial. Clinical, neurocognitive, and pathophysiological comparisons to adult BD require further study. In the past decade, a growing number of studies on pediatric BD indicate unparalleled academic interest in understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder and its developmental trajectory (2).
