ABSTRACT
For malaria, however, whole-parasite vaccines have been viewed as impractical to develop because of the complex life cycle of the parasite as well as logistical concerns relating to difficulties in large-scale production. Recent advances in bioengineering, basic parasitology, and entomology have enabled scientists to develop means to overcome these obstacles. In this chapter, we describe efforts to develop an attenuated PfSPZ vaccine and a killed asexual Pf erythrocytic stage whole-parasite vaccine.
