ABSTRACT
Alison Vickers Allergan Inc., Investigative Sciences , Drug Safety Evaluation , Irvine , California , U.S.A.
1. INTRODUCTION-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH AND RESEARCH MODELS
Drug discovery and other similar innovations always lag behind the pace of discoveries in basic sciences. This gap between scientifi c discoveries and clinical practice is often referred to as the “bench-to-bedside gap”. The goal of translational research is to bridge this gap so that scientifi c innovations can be translated into health gain with minimum delay. A major obstacle in translational research is the lack of appropriate research models that can be used to extrapolate data to humans reliably. A major breakthrough in translational research models seems to be at hand due to the recent advances in various
1. INTRODUCTION-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH AND RESEARCH MODELS 175
2. NEW APPROACHES AND MODELS FOR MECHANISTIC INSIGHT 176 3. VALUE OF IN VITRO MODELS 177 4. TOXICOGENOMICS IN TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH-ANIMAL
AND HUMAN MODELS (IN VIVO AND IN VITRO) 178 4.1. Rat In Vivo Model 178 4.2. Cell Lines as In Vitro Model 179 4.3. Rat Hepatocytes as In Vitro Model 179 4.4. Human Hepatocytes as In Vitro Model 180 4.5. Liver Slices as In Vitro Model 181 4.6. Tissue Repair and Fibrosis Models 181 4.7. Hepatic Infl ammation Models 182 4.8. Extra-Hepatic Models 183 4.8.1. In Vitro Models of Nephrotoxicity 183 4.8.2. In Vitro Models of Hemolysis 184 5. CONCLUSION 185 REFERENCES 185
genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic techniques. The ability to interrogate thousands of signals (genes, proteins, metabolomic) in response to toxicant challenge in one experiment has opened up new possibilities in mechanistic research and redefi ned the scope of translational research in toxicology.
