ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION The major side effect and safety issues associated with benzodiazepine receptor agonist (BzRA) hypnotic use include psychomotor and cognitive (i.e., anterograde amnesia) impairment, parasomnia-like episodes, discontinuation effects, and dependence liability. Some of these side effects are mediated by the primary pharmacodynamic activity, sedation, of BzRAs and directly relate to the pharmacokinetic properties of specific BzRAs. Other side effects can be attributed to both pharmacokinetics and receptor selectivity of the drug. Finally, drug dose, duration of use, and concomitant medications, comorbid medical, or sleep disorders may determine side effects.
