ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the route of choice for the administration of most drugs, regardless of their molecular structure or weight. The oral route of administration is preferred because of the convenience of the noninvasive self-administration route, which would improve the quality of life for many people who must routinely receive injections of therapeutic biodrugs. The oral administration of therapeutic peptides is notoriously difficult because of their high molecular weights, hydrophilicity, and susceptibility to enzymatic inactivation in the GI tract (1).
