ABSTRACT
Introduction The normal bladder functions, storage and elimination of urine, are based on a coordinated interplay of reciprocal contraction and relaxation of the bladder and the outflow region. This interaction is regulated by neural circuits in the brain and spinal cord, which coordinate the activity of the detrusor and that of the smooth and striated muscles of the outflow region. The nervous mechanisms for this control involve a complex pattern of efferent and afferent signaling in parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic nerves.1
