ABSTRACT
The ureters cross over the pelvic brim and enter the pelvis in close proximity to the ovarian vessels. This is one of the three most common sites of urological injury during gynecological surgery ( 1 ). The ureter then courses medially into the lower and medial portions of the broad ligament. At this juncture, the ureter is crossed by the uterine artery and this is the second area of the ureter that is commonly injured during gynecological operations ( 2 ). The ureter then continues its medial course and enters the bladder in the deep pelvis. The ureterovesical junction is the third common site of ureteral injury during female pelvic surgery. An outline of female pelvic anatomy and its relationship to the urinary tract appears in Figure 103.1 .
