ABSTRACT
In contrast, the application of lower levels of radiofrequency energy generates lower tissue temperatures (65°C-75°C). As a result, tissue necrosis and gross shrinkage do not occur. Instead, application of controlled, low-level radiofrequency energy results in acute, focal collagen denaturation ( Fig. 71.1 ), with subsequent micro-remodeling of the affected collagen upon cooling and healing ( Fig. 71.2 ) and without associated gross tissue necrosis or neurovascular injury. After healing, the denatured collagen results in reduced dynamic compliance of the surrounding untreated tissue without stricture formation. Lower levels of radiofrequency energy have successfully been used to treat conditions such as fecal incontinence (e.g., Secca procedure) (12) , gastroesophageal reflux disease (e.g., Stretta procedure) (13) , and arthritis (14) .
