ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION It is reasonable to assume that the apparent secular trends and regional differences in male reproductive health have causes that are greatly fluctuating in prevalence over time and across boundaries. Our environment, working conditions, and way of living have changed dramatically over the past century and it is likely that the key to an understanding of the changing occurrence of male reproductive disorders is found in social and environmental factors. Identification of one or more necessary links of the causal chain leading to disease is needed for rational prevention but examples are plenty that a complete understanding of causes and pathogenic processes are not necessary for successful prevention of diseases. In this chapter, current knowledge on impact of environmental factors (including life style and occupation) and systemic disease on male reproductive health is reviewed. This knowledge is the basis for counseling the infertile man in the clinical setting.
