ABSTRACT
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is useful in many interventional and electrophysiological cardiac procedures (Table 29.1) as it provides access to real time information at all stages, thus improving efficiency and safety. Guidelines have been published, although the role of TEE in these settings is evolving (1,2). This chapter will first review the use of TEE during percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO), atrial septal defects (ASDs), ventricular septal defects (VSDs), and paravalvular leaks (PVLs). The usefulness of TEE in atrial ablation procedures and its emerging role in cardiac resynchronization therapy will then be presented.
