ABSTRACT
Facial aging is the result of several processes that arise from both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. With time, the loss of subcutaneous fat and skin elasticity, as well as the remodeling of bony and cartilaginous structures, lead to visible signs of aging in the face as a whole. Repetitive muscle activity can lead to the development of rhytides that deepen over time and ultimately remain apparent even when the face is at rest. Photodamage and smoking accelerate these changes. In the perioral region in particular (the section of face demarcated by the nasal base, cheeks, and chin), dentition changes, loss of lip fullness, resorption of mandibular and maxillary bone, and forward rotation and protrusion of the chin also contribute to the aging face. The primary goals of lower face rejuvenation are to restore volume, reduce mobility, and resurface when appropriate.
