The successful exceptions have been Botswana and Mauritius. Both had reached per capita

incomes of over US$3,000 per year by the 1990s. There is also the special case of South Africa,

which has had high average income levels throughout, but where incomes are very unevenly

distributed. During the last few years a few other countries, such as Uganda and Ethiopia, have

seen higher growth rates, but from a very low base.