ABSTRACT
Writing for a Dutch audience in 1901, a Sumatran medical student living in Holland, Abdul Rivai (b. 1877), remarked that, if the Dutch were to attend to their colonial population with justice, then they would:
turn their face in prayer no longer to the ka’bah but to The Hague, where they know the Queen of the Netherlands, dearly beloved by . . . all, and to whose subjects they are indebted for their happiness and prosperity, to be enthroned.2
