qiaoxiang kin simply wear ordinary clothing with a thin, symbolic hemp gongde ranges from several thousand to over gongde for their dead ancestors sometime in the 1980s and 1990s. An Opening Doors

Within the ancestral hall stood key players, made up of both the Singapore and village kin. Emanating outward from this centre of power are traditional values of wisdom, compassion and morality. Those within the core group are expected to perform duties befitting the status bestowed upon them. Such values ripple through the various layers of social relationships, moving them to the outermost periphery where all kin would benefit from their association with a rebuilt zuzai. Individual wealth or social prestige can only be recognized when they are converted into virtuous deeds that benefit the community as a whole.