ABSTRACT
Attempts to improve thinking and reasoning assume that people do not think as well as they might. The actual conduct of thinking does not measure up to an ideal standard. For example, I and others have argued that people are often biased toward views they already hold. They often fail to consider alternative views, counterevidence, or goals that their favorite plans will subvert. In making this argument, I hold up (and defend) a standard of active open-mindedness as an ideal.
