Motivational Techniques of Expert Human Tutors: Lessons for the Design of Computer– Based Tutors

For most of recorded history, formal education consisted largely of individual tutorials. From Plato's Republic through the Age of Enlightenment (Locke, 1693; Rousseau, 1762), education was imparted, to the select few who could afford the service, via one-to-one interactions with professional tutors. Only in the past century or two has compulsory education become a common practice.