ABSTRACT
The construction and management of space has been an important means for securing social privilege. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the use of segregation to produce and maintain racial hierarchy (Cell 1982). The slogan of “separate but equal” was employed to defend both Jim Crow segregation in the United States and apartheid in South Africa, but it soon became clear that segregation produced inequality. Pettigrew (1979) described segregation as the linchpin of inequality, because mutually reinforcing circuits of segregation in housing, education, and employment ensured that a black underclass became locked into a spiral of poverty and social disadvantage, an idea confirmed by Massey and Denton's (1993) monumental analysis of racial inequality and segregation in the United States.
