ABSTRACT
This chapter develops a logical comparison between the multi-national management challenges faced in fully-controlled businesses and the difficulties faced in businesses which rely on international partnerships for their international development. While we touch upon the well-known issues of local market-access joint ventures, our focus is elsewhere. We are concerned with partnerships that include multiple countries (e.g. Philips and DuPont in optical media) and, often, multiple product lines (e.g. AT&T and Olivetti), not so much with local market-driven partnerships (e.g. Honda and PT Astra in Indonesia for mopeds).
