ABSTRACT
Problem-based learning (PBL) is based on the principles of adult education and cognitive psychology which include acknowledging the prior knowledge and experience adults bring to the learning environment; providing real-life problems rather than theoretical situations; and developing active and self-directed learners. Shifting from traditional learning to PBL involves more than simply replacing content with problems; it requires teachers to carefully craft problems and scenarios in which students will uncover and construct the required knowledge and skills for themselves. In PBL, lectures and other formal learning support structures are opportunities to provide ' just-in-time learning'. In PBL, the problem is discussed and deconstructed, usually in a small group setting, which assists students to develop teamwork and communication skills. Implementation of PBL can be standard face-to-face, technology supported, or entirely online. Reflection by both staff and students is an important part of the PBL learning process.
