ABSTRACT
Chapters 6 to 9 above outline how to estimate the socio-economic value of different ecosystem services and related goods provided by PAs. In addition to these individual benefits, PAs also provide a number of wider socio-economic benefits that are difficult to attribute to one single ecosystem service but rather result from a range of them and benefit a number of sectors simultaneously (Gantioler et al., 2010). These benefits refer to the overall contribution of PAs to local and regional development, including the development of rural areas. They also consist of PAs’ direct and indirect support to income and employment (Table 10.1). The identification and consideration of these wider benefits complements the benefits outlined in Chapters 6 to 9. Wider socio-economic benefits https://www.niso.org/standards/z39-96/ns/oasis-exchange/table">
Wider socio-economic benefits
Examples
Investment-induced support to local and regional development, including rural development, poverty alleviation and reduction
Direct and indirect/induced economic impact of investment in management of PAs contributing to local and regional economic activity, supporting inter alia (potentially vulnerable) rural populations, and contributing to poverty alleviation and reduction.
Direct and indirect employment
Direct employment opportunities created by management and conservation activities linked to a PA, both on and off-site; employment supported off site linked to PA related activity and spending; jobs supported or created in sectors directly benefitting from ecosystem services (see also Chapters 6 and 8)
Source: own presentation as used in Gantioler et al., 2010