ABSTRACT
This chapter describes how landscapes are considered in the integrated approach and the pertinent challenges for successful marine policy implementation. It provides a brief overview of the various landscapes and their context for integrated marine planning and decision-making. The chapter presents a chronological history of global environmental directives that were instrumental in shaping current marine policy to adopt the integrated approach. It explores the frameworks and management tools in place to implement the integrated approach. Science is an important foundation in developing understanding of impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems from anthropogenic drivers. The marine economic landscape was traditionally constructed from maritime trade, commerce and tourism. Sectors within marine trade and commerce fulfil a dual role as stakeholders and creators of global economic development. An exploration and definition of the linkages can assist in developing a suite of measurable and relevant social indicators to be employed in marine policy.
