ABSTRACT
In an m-learning activity, the students are situated to learn in real-world contexts with learning supports from the digital learning systems via mobile devices and wireless communications. The learning supports can be supplementary materials related to the learning context or some particular learning targets, hints for the learning tasks related to the contexts, feedback to the students based on their learning status or performance, or tools for helping the students organize what they have learned from the textbooks and what they have observed from the real-world learning environments (Chu, Hwang, Huang, & Wu, 2008; Hung, Lin, & Hwang, 2010; Hwang & Chang, 2011; Hwang, Chu, Shih, Huang, & Tsai, 2010; Hwang & Tsai, 2011; Hwang, Tsai, & Yang, 2008; Hwang, Yang, Tsai, & Yang, 2009). Without proper supports, such in-field or contextual m-learning scenarios might become too complex for most students.
