ABSTRACT
For centuries, even thousands of years, within each society, individuals have differed from one another in attitudes and behavior about religion. Some have been very religious, some moderately so, whereas others are not interested in religion at all or may oppose it. Additionally, within believers and non-believers, there have been different ways of expressing positive or negative attitudes towards religion. From a personality and individual differences psychological perspective, this raises at least two questions. First, why are there individual differences in religious attitudes and behaviors (referred to as religiousness)? Second, do religious attitudes and behaviors reflect and influence cognitions, emotions, and behaviors at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social levels? In other words, what is the psychological relevance—determinants, correlates, and outcomes—of religiousness and its forms?
