ABSTRACT
When a golfer hits a ball two types of feedback are available. Feedback is available from various sensory systems as a natural part of performing the skill, such as proprioceptive and tactile feedback from the sensory receptors in the muscles, joints, vestibular apparatus, and skin, visual feedback from the eyes, and auditory feedback from the middle and inner ears. All of these physiological systems provide performance-based feedback that informs the golfer about the success of hitting the ball. The utility of these sensory feedback sources depends on the specific characteristics of the golf shot situation. The second type of feedback, which may or may not be available to the golfer, comes from information that is not inherent to the task, such as from a coach, teacher, trainer, or training device. This latter type of feedback adds to the natural sensory feedback and can be provided in a variety of ways, such as in auditory, visual, proprioceptive, or tactile form.
