ABSTRACT
According to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Mifflin, 2009), translation is a word of Indo-European origin: translaten in Middle English, translater in Old French, and traˉnslaˉtus in Latin. This word is used to convey at least nine different concepts, the first of which is the main focus of this book: to change or convert from one form, function, or state to another as in transforming ideas into written language. Other meanings include (a) converting to another language, (b) putting into simpler terms or expressing in different words to explain or interpret, (c) transferring from one place or condition to another, (d) forwarding or retransmitting a telegraphic message (communications), (e) transferring a bishop to another assignment or conveying to heaven without death (religion), (f) subjecting a body to translation (physics), (g) subjecting messenger RNA in cell bodies to translation (biology–genetics), and (h) expressing representations in mind in another medium.
