ABSTRACT
Collaboration was a widespread, indeed pervasive, phenomenon throughout the European, North African and Asian territories occupied by the Axis powers in World War II. In the immediate aftermath of the war it was generally defined and interpreted as the reverse of the coin of resistance. In the case of occupied China it has long been recognized that a simple typology of "resistance" and "collaboration" is almost useless in understanding the shifting loyalties of many local warlords and political figures associated with the Guomindang. Towards the end of the war many of the Russians changed their tune opportunistically and some applied for Soviet citizenship, leading to their repatriation after the war-often direct to prison camps. Jews and French, there could be little doubt in the case of the Anglo-Saxons as to where they owed their national loyalties according to law and accepted contemporary practice.
