ABSTRACT
Modern citizenship suffers from what might be termed an inside/outside dilemma. This is because the protection of citizens inside communities entails a conceptual requirement for ‘others’, or ‘outsiders’, who present a potential threat. The very constitution of a community of citizens creates a:
civil state as regards our fellow citizens, but a state of nature as regards the rest of the world; we have taken all kinds of precautions against private wars only to kindle national wars a thousand times more horrible […] in joining a particular group of men [sic], we have really declared ourselves the enemy of the human race.
(Rousseau, cited in Linklater 2007: 17, emphasis added)