ABSTRACT
Transnational legal efforts to confront terrorism originated in national extradition law. In nineteenth-century Europe, violence was used by political rebels against monarchical or authoritarian regimes, ethnic separatists against imperial powers, socialist revolutionaries against capitalist states, or anarchists against governments of all stripes, and such actors often fled across national borders to escape local punishment. Foreign states then faced requests from victim states to hand over the suspects. Governments and the courts had to develop legal criteria to decide whether a suspect should be returned, or their extradition refused.
