ABSTRACT
A dictionary definition of learning encompasses the getting of new knowledge by means of study, experience or experimentation. Thus, in principle, learning encompasses both innovation and the assimilation of existing knowledge. Technological learning refers to the learning processes involved in improving the productive capabilities of an enterprise, sector or economy to enable it to produce higher value goods and services with increasing levels of efficiency. Technological learning therefore covers all forms of learning, from standardised production activities to research and development activities close to the technological frontier. However, there may be a need to distinguish between the ability to compete at a certain level and the ability to maintain competitiveness by means of innovation. A number of different frameworks and taxonomies have been proposed for this purpose (Bell and Pavitt, 1993; Lall, 1992; Bell, 2009; Andreoni, 2012). None of these is entirely successful as it is seldom possible to classify activities as belonging exclusively to the dynamic or static sphere (Andreoni, 2012). Moreover, as Carlotta Perez has pointed out, the opportunities for development are themselves a moving target (Perez, 2001).
