ABSTRACT
By the end of the nineteenth century the hospital services were developing along three main paths (Fig. 11.1). The charity hospitals with their origins in the philanthropy of the eighteenth century—originally havens for the non-pauper infirm—were now transformed into voluntary hospitals often associated with the teaching of medicine and sometimes with schools of nursing. These hospitals were financed by public donations; they treated selected cases usually for whom there was hope of cure or who were interesting to medical teaching; treatment and accommodation were free except when a token fee was asked.
