ABSTRACT
This chapter explores how the monumental and planned urban creations have reflected different ideologies, times and places. It describes the historical development of diverse planned settlements in North America and juxtaposes to the utopian garden-city ideal of Ebenezer Howard. A quite different motivation lay behind a contemporary effort to create garden cities in England. The chief figure in the movement was Ebenezer Howard, a stenographer and civil servant whose contact with American utopian reformers Henry George and Edward Bellamy helped motivate him to envision cooperative communities as alternatives to the greed and inequalities he associated with unregulated industrialism. As the first demonstration town filled up, he theorized, a new one would spontaneously sprout up nearby. Over time, a planned amalgamation would form, with each Garden City offering a range of jobs and services, but each connected to the others by rail.
