On Prisons in the United States: Extract from a Speech Delivered to the Confederation of Analytical Psychologists, London,

There are two million people in prison in the United States. These are some of the devices used in these prisons. The restraint chair is a steel-framed chair in which the prisoner is immobilized

with four-point restraints securing both arms and legs and straps which are tightened across the shoulders and chest. The prisoner’s arms are pulled down towards his ankles and padlocked and his legs secured in metal shackles. Prisoners are often left strapped in restraint chairs for extended periods in their own urine and excrement.