ABSTRACT
Deep ecology is generally reckoned to have been founded by the Norwegian philosopher, Arne Næss. In 1972 he gave a lecture in Bucharest in which he distinguished between “deep” and “shallow” ecology (Næss, 1973). He defined shallow ecology in terms of a concern for the environment for the effect that its deterioration could have on the welfare of human beings. This is sometimes called an anthropocentric concern. This contrasts with deep ecology, which involves a concern for the environment for its own sake. From a deep ecology point of view, the environment should be protected whether it is useful for human beings or not.
