ABSTRACT
Amidst wavering political support and faltering international climate change negotiations, sub-national governments and communities have become loci for climate change policy, planning, and action (cf. City of Vancouver 2010; GLA 2007). Local governments and civil society actors can, in some circumstances, play a leadership role and foster collective action on environmental issues (Bulkeley and Betsill 2005, 2003). Furthermore, in a pragmatic sense, most, if not all, communities around the world will need to implement plans and actions to address local adaptation as the effects of climate change become more serious.
