ABSTRACT
Although civilizations, nations, and societies have been dealing with corruption for centuries, its systematic scientific treatment is new (Lambsdorff 2007). Scholars have applied various analytical lenses—individual, organizational, and institutional—to systematically examine anticorruption strategies. In recent years, scholars have emphasized that corruption is more than an individual-level or organizational-level problem (e.g., Misangyi, Weaver, and Elms 2008). Corruption is a systemic problem that requires holistic understanding for anticorruption success (e.g., Pope 2000; Rothstein 2011). Putnam (1993) and Rothstein (2011) both suggest that systemic corruption is an informal institution itself. Given its informal institutional nature, corruption remains a “sticky” problem in countries.
